Date / Period
SCROLL -->		 Approx. 24,000 – 20,000 ka (Frankfurt Phase / W1F) Approx. 20,000 years ago (Weichselian Glaciation) Approx. 19,000 ka (W1B Ice Retreat) 14,500 BP (Start of Lateglacial) c. 12,700–9,500 B.C. (Late Glacial) Approx. 12,500 BP End of the Weichselian glaciation (c. 12,000 years ago) c. 11,700–10,700 B.C. (Allerød) 10,500 B.C. Younger Dryas (c. 10,700–9,600 B.C.) ca. 9,600 B.C. (Start of Holocene/Preboreal) Post-Glacial (Late Glacial / Early Holocene) ca. 8,700 – 7,300 B.C. (Boreal) c. 7,300 B.C. (Atlantic) Stone Age (General/Mesolithic / 8,000–6,000 BC) c. 5,300 B.C. (Neolithic onset) c. 4,000 B.C. (Atlantic/Subboreal Transition) 3rd Millennium B.C. / 3,000–1,800 BC (Neolithic) c. 2,000 B.C. (Bronze Age onset) Bronze Age (General) Subboreal (Late Bronze Age) c. 800 B.C. (Older Subatlantic / Iron Age) c. 200 B.C. – early 4th century A.D. (Roman Iron Age) c. A.D. 375–600 (Migration Period) 6th - 10th Century (Slavic Period) 11th Century 12th Century (High Medieval) c. 1200 – 1230 A.D. May 22, 1251 1375 1450–1850 (Little Ice Age) 1618–1648 (Thirty Years' War) 1687 18th Century 1827–1829 August 16, 1843 1850–1950 1877 March 31, 1894 1900 – 1914 1920s 1935 1945 1950s August 1961 Since 19.11.1961 1960s 1970s October 4, 1978 1980s September 2, 1984 1989 – 1990 (Post-Wende) 1991 – 1999 2004 – 2014 2021–2025
Tegeler Fließ
Pollen Analysis		 Beginning of investigation period at Tegeler See; early Weichselian Late Glacial recorded at Pechsee (Brande, 1990). Formation of the Tegeler Fließ valley from melting glacier water (Panke Guide, n.d.). Pinus pollen begins to dominate; Laacher Tuff deposited; completion of lime leaching in sand soils (Brande, 1990). Dominance of Pinus and Betula (Brande in Böcker 1978). Rise in water level in Spree-Havel system; presence of natural Calluna stands on wet soils (Brande, 1990). Decline of Ulmus; first pollen markers of Neolithic land use; initial anthropogenic eutrophication of Lake Tegel (Brande, 1990). Evaluation of Sacrower See shows oak decline, used as timber (Jahns et al., 2018). Intensified land use (Zone 11 to 12); expansion of Scleranthus perennis; reactivation of dune sand movements (Brande, 1990). Regional spread of Fagus and Carpinus, though poorly preserved in specific local profiles (Brande, 2012). Decline of Corylus and Tilia (Brande, 1990). Development of anthropogenic Calluna heaths (Brande, 1990). Expansion of wetlands likely due to mill damming of the Havel in Spandau (Kaiser et al., 2018; Fiege & Böse, 2021). Widespread forest clearing (German Ostsiedlung); hydrologic impact of mill dams causing peat formation (Brande, 1990). Vegetation mapping by Reinhard Böcker (Brande, 2012). Small Hermsdorf See created by dredging/excavation (1953/Brande, 2012).
Französisch
Buchholz		 Oldest traces of Stone Age activity; nomadic hunters and gatherers (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Signs of settlement found near Majakowskiring (Panke.guide, n.d.). Discovery of two bronze swords evidencing smithery (Panke.guide, n.d.). Settlement traces and burial grounds found in Buchholz (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Possible link to 'Buchholz' name through demand for beech wood for lime burning (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Arrival of Cistercian monks in Brandenburg as pioneers for colonization (Panke.guide, n.d.). Establishment of community along the Panke (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Construction of oldest part of church in late Romanesque style (Panke.guide, n.d.). First mention of Rosenthal (Panke.guide, n.d.). Arnt von Bredow listed as sole owner of Buchholz (Panke.guide, n.d.). Inflation, looting by Wallenstein's troops, and depopulation (Panke.guide, n.d.). Arrival of first French Huguenots; birth of the name 'Französisch Buchholz' (Panke.guide, n.d.). Establishment of coffee house (1730) and establishment of name 'Französisch Buchholz' (1750) (Schäfer-Junker, 2016). Landscape architect Peter Joseph Lenné designs a 9-hectare park for Count Wylich and Lottum (Panke.guide, n.d.). Founding of large leather factory (1857) (Schäfer-Junker, 2016). Administrative district of Blankenfelde includes communal lands in Französisch-Buchholz (Grandke, 1894). Electrification (1904) and town gas (1908) (Panke.guide, n.d.). Population reaches 5,500; drinking water pipe construction starts (Schäfer-Junker, 2016). Incorporation of Pankow (and Buchholz) into Greater Berlin (Panke.guide, n.d.). First kindergarten established (Schäfer-Junker, 2016). Red Army enters Buchholz from Schönerlinde on April 21; Soviet administration occupies the 'Red School' (Panke.guide, n.d.). Closing of the border (Berlin Wall); disconnection of transport routes (Panke.guide, n.d.; Schäfer-Junker, 2016). removal of trams from city centers favored perimeter routes (WebArt.media, 2011). Osman Kalin built a hut on GDR territory at the border of Kreuzberg (1983) (Stoetzer, 2018). Transition to market economy; development of 'Buchholz West' (Panke.guide, n.d.). Official renaming of district back to 'Französisch Buchholz' on May 30, 1999 (Schäfer-Junker, 2016). Mapping of the Gravenstein allotment site (2011) (Bezirksamt Pankow, 2013). District Office Pankow manages 2 recreation gardens in Friedrich-Engels-Str. 155 (Senatsverwaltung, 2025).
 A114
(formerly A14)		 Autobahn construction technically prepared during the Weimar Republic (Laak, 1999). After the collapse, 1,378 km of Reichsautobahn in Soviet Zone were inherited; restoration of bridges a priority (Doßmann, 2003). DDR inherited a dense motorway network connecting Saxon industrial zone with Berlin (Vahrenkamp, 2017). Expansion assigned high priority (Doßmann, 2003). Project postponed as financially unfeasible (1961) (Doßmann, 2003). Construction of the motorway (A114) through the western part of Blankenburg (Papenbrock, 2025). Completion of the final section of the Berlin-Rostock motorway after eight years of construction (Doßmann, 2003). Border controls at Marienborn cease on June 30th (Doßmann 2009). Recognition that A114 cut off parcels of Gravenstein from main site (Bezirksamt Pankow, 2013).
Panke
Pollen Analysis
and Development		 depression between ridges formed during ice retreat; meltwater collected in the Berlin ice-marginal valley, meltwater flow that would eventually become the Panke (Hardt et al., 2015). Estimated time of ice retreat based on Be-10 dating (Heine et al., 2009, cited in Hardt et al., 2015). Formation of the Panke Valley from meltwater; creation of bogs and meandering small lakes from remaining dead ice (Panke Guide, n.d.). An 'Ur-Panke' transported water to the ice-marginal valley; pioneer vegetation established; peat deposits up to 13m thick formed in bogs (Wikipedia, 2024). Mesolithic climate improvement; tundra replaced by dense oak, alder, birch, and linden forests. Fishing began in Panke depression (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Landscape featured oak-mixed forest (Wikipedia, 2026). Funnelbeaker cultures migrated up the Spree; permanent settlement in small river valleys (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Alluvial forests pushed back for meadows and arable land (Wikipedia, 2026). Bronze Age settlement in the Buch basin with approx. 80 houses (Wikipedia, 2026). Lusatian culture settled along Panke. Major village found in Buch with 15sqm timber houses (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Bog iron found in Panke lowlands. German tribes lived in longhouses (Wohnstallhäuser) (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Thinly populated; settlements on flood-free sand plateaus (Wikipedia, 2026). Semnones (Suebi) lived along the Panke; transitioned to rotary mills for grain (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Significant finds in Zepernick and Barnim (Wikipedia, 2026). Germanic tribes abandoned the Panke area due to southward migration (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Slavic settlement (Sprewane) on the Barnim; animal husbandry and fishing (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Slavic castle complex located on the Panke (Bernschein, 2008). Foundation of Bernau on a diluvial plateau (Wikipedia, 2024). Systematic land development along the Panke under Margraves Johann I and Otto III (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Documented ownership transfer of a mill on the Panke from Knight Fridericus de Chare to Spandau Benedictine nuns (Wikipedia, 2024). LIA characterized by cold winters, shortened vegetation periods, and glacial advances (Behringer, 1995, cited in Kahle, 2025). Count Udo of the Split Claw allegedly drowned in the Panke in 1631 (Panke Guide, n.d.). King Friedrich I commissioned the Schönhauser Graben (1704). Map recordings (1770s) show naturally meandering course (Wikipedia, 2024). Lenné utilizes the Elsbruch area near the Panke to create parkland with water bodies (Panke.guide, n.d.). Transition period to global warming. Central Europe shows year-round cooler temperatures and moderate precipitation (Kahle, 2025). Berlin-Spandauer Schifffahrtskanal completed (1859) (Wikipedia, 2024). Straightening of the river in Gesundbrunnen into a canal-like structure (Wikipedia, 2024). Plans by Martin Wagner to regain Panke riverbanks (Wikipedia, 2026). Nordgraben created to drain sewage farms and divert Panke floodwaters (Wikipedia, 2024). Inauguration of the Nordgraben bridge in Buchholz (1952) (Wikipedia, 2024). The culvert (Düker) under Chausseestraße was blocked, cutting off the Südpanke (Wikipedia, 2024). Regulation of the Panke river (Bernschein, 2008). Heavy flooding in 1980 damage estimated at 500,000 Mark (Wikipedia, 2024). Sewage farm management abandoned in favor of treatment plants (Wikipedia, 2024). Opening of public green corridor at the Südpanke (2012) (Wikipedia, 2026). Overnight flooding (2012) (Wikipedia, 2024). Scheduled restoration (Remäandrierung) to extend the Panke by 2 km (Wikipedia, 2026). Completion of restoration of Südpanke (2021) (Wikipedia, 2024).
Blankenburg Formation of lobe-shaped ridges (1000-1500m length) composed of glacial till on glaciofluvial sediments during ice retreat (Hardt et al., 2015). Depot/hoard finds including weapons, jewelry, and vessels (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Germanic tribes largely depart; Slavic tribes move in (Bernschein, dorfanger-blankenburg.de). Castle built on the Burgwall in 7th/8th century; fortification burned and rebuilt (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.; Panke.guide, n.d.). Pollen shows strong agriculture: Secale, Triticum, Hordeum, and millet (Lange, 1978). Fortification abandoned (Panke.guide, n.d.). Founding of the village of Blankenburg during the German colonization period (Bernschein, dorfanger-blankenburg.de). First written mention of 'Blanckenburg' in the Landbuch of Emperor Charles IV; village has 42 Hufen (Panke.guide, n.d.; Bernschein, 2008). Devastation, famine, and abandoned farms in Blankenburg (Panke.guide, n.d.). Manor becomes a royal domain (1710); separation of Domain and farmers (1772) (Bernschein, 2008). Abolition of manorial subjection (1811); farmers purchase land ownership (Bernschein, 2008). Convalescent home established (1887) (Panke.guide, n.d.). Establishment of a railway station in Blankenburg (Panke.guide, n.d.). Stop on the Bernau suburban line (Bernschein, 2008). Blankenburg listed as part of the Malchow sewage farm administration district (Grandke, 1894). Largest allotment garden area in Germany created on town estate land (1910) (Bernschein, 2008). Home for convalescent women opened (1908) (Bernschein, 2008). Incorporated into Greater Berlin (WebArt.media, 2011). Establishment of the 'Reichsstelle für Raumordnung' for state spatial planning (Laak, 1999). The land registry for the area was declared 'People's Property' (Volkseigentum) under DDR law (1952) (Papenbrock, 2025). Operation of electric S-Bahn service from Blankenburg towards Hohen Neuendorf via the Berlin Outer Ring (Berliner Bahnen, 2017). Collectivization of agriculture (1960) (Bernschein, 2008). Excavations by the Märkisches Museum reveal the Blankenburg castle wall (Bernschein). Expansion of the water network during motorway construction (Papenbrock, 2025). Final abandonment of sewage farms; planned use for allotments rejected due to contamination (1986) (Umweltbüro am Weißen See, 2011). Public property of the GDR transitions to the property of Berlin (Wolfgang Papenbrock, 2020). Foundation of 'Garten- und Siedlerfreunde Anlage Blankenburg' (Papenbrock, 2025). Formation of 'Garten- und Siedlerfreunde Anlage Blankenburg e.V.' (1991) (Wolfgang Papenbrock, 2021). Property Rights Adjustment Act (1994) (Papenbrock, 2025). Court ruling determines Blankenburg is no longer an allotment colony but a residential settlement (2004) (Wolfgang Papenbrock, 2020). Info events on 'Blankenburger Süden' project (2018) (Wolfgang Papenbrock, 2021). Ongoing disputes over water rights and property ownership (Papenbrock, 2025). Start of new BVG local bus line 358 (Kiezbus) (2024).
Railway Opening of the railway section Angermünde - Stettin; regular operations with three train pairs between Berlin and Stettin (Mauruszat, 2021; Onlineredaktion, 2018). Commissioning of electromagnetic line telegraphs (1851); second track Berlin to Angermünde (1863) (Mauruszat, 2021). Establishment of a railway station approximately one km from the village center (Panke.guide, n.d.). Opening of the Nordbahn (Berliner-Bahnen.de, 2021). Opening of the Stettin suburban station in Berlin (1896) (Mauruszat, 2021). Opening of the new railway station building (1913) (Bernschein, 2008). Start of electric suburban traffic from Berlin to Bernau (1924) (Mauruszat, 2021). Extensive dismantling of track systems by Soviet occupiers; suspension of S-Bahn traffic (Mauruszat, 2021; Kaschka, 2016). Implementation of the Berlin Outer Ring as a priority investment project (Kaschka, 2016). Development of the Berliner Außenring (Berliner-Bahnen.de, 2021). Operation of the S-Bahn divided; closure of Nordbahnhof (S-Bahn) (Mauruszat, 2021; Stadtschnellbahn-Berlin.de, 2019). Inauguration of electric S-Bahn operation to bypass West Berlin (Berliner Bahnen, 2017). Construction of the Rostock–Berlin port main line (Kaschka, 2016). Implementation of S-Bahn route from Friedrichsfelde Ost to Ahrensfelde (Kaschka, 2016). Increased electrification of DR routes (Kaschka, 2016). The line to Angermünde is continuously electrified (1987) (Mauruszat, 2021). Commissioning of separate S-Bahn tracks between Karower Kreuz and Schönfließ; end of mixed operations (Berliner Bahnen, 2017; beefland.de). East German rail network (DR) characterized by severe infrastructure decay (Röhl, 2000). Merger of DR and DB to form Deutsche Bahn AG (1994) (Kaschka, 2016). Berlin-Hanover high-speed rail line completed (1998) (Röhl, 2000). ODEG begins diesel railcar operations (2004) (beefland.de). Suspension and resumption of service between Karower Kreuz and Bergfelde (2009) (Berliner Bahnen, 2017). Double-track expansion from Berlin-Pankow to Berlin-Karow; renewal of eight overpasses. ESTW S 8 North project (2025).
Sewage Irrigation Establishment of Berlin water supply (1852); introduction of systematic city cleaning (Grandke, 1894). First ground-breaking for sewage farm system (1873) (Wikipedia, 2026). Total area acquired for sewage farms reached 9183.08 ha; 11 radial systems in operation (Grandke, 1894). Establishment of sewage farms in Französisch Buchholz (Schäfer-Junker, 2016). Purchase of Hobrechtsfelde estate (1905) (Umweltbüro am Weißen See, 2011). Nordgraben drainage system installed for sewage farm runoff (Wikipedia, 2024). Large amounts of rubble recycled to rebuild roads or landscaped into 14 rubble mountains (Stoetzer, 2018). West Germany issued 50-pfennig coin commemorating rubble women reforesting urban and rural forests (Stoetzer, 2018). Transition to intensive filter operation; agricultural use abandoned (Umweltbüro am Weißen See, 2011). Transition from sewage farming to initial afforestation efforts (Umweltbüro am Weißen See, 2011). Performance of wastewater treatment plants increased; 90% reduction in pollutants (Umweltbüro am Weißen See, 2011). Experimental application of loam to bind heavy metals in Hobrechtswald (1996) (Umweltbüro am Weißen See, 2011). Preparation of documentation on history of Pankow sewage farms (2004) (Umweltbüro am Weißen See, 2011).
North Berlin
Pollen Analysis 		 Glaciation and deposition of till; formation of the ground moraine landscape and meltwater channels (Brande, 2000). Formation of parabolic and longitudinal dune complexes under periglacial conditions (Pachur, 1987; Böse, 1991; Fiege & Böse, 2021). Short-term interruption of development by Laacher See Tephra volcanic ash (Brande, 2000). Consolidation of dunes (Brande, 1990). Pioneering tree species like birch and pine dominate (Brande 1985b). Birch and pine were the first colonizing plants in the box valleys of the Panke and Lietzengraben (Wikipedia, 2024). Expansion of hazel bushes; immigration of first thermophilous broad-leafed trees (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Mixed woodland of pine, oak, elm, lime, and ash (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Human cultural development becomes an increasingly important factor in woodland composition (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Dramatic decrease in elm stands, possibly due to fungal disease (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Highest proportion of beech and hornbeam reached during Iron Age (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Index of cereal to Plantago indicates high emphasis on crop cultivation (Jacob, 1962, cited in Lange, 1978). Most woodland transformed into arable land or pasture; extensive deforestation (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Regional pollen data shows massive deforestation of oak and beech for 'Landesausbau' (Jahns et al., 2018). Establishment of Heiligensee; increase in rye and segetal flora (von Müller & Seyer, 1991; Brande, 1978/79; Fiege & Böse, 2021). Land Register records 58–62 Hufen in Heiligensee; 23 Kossäten families listed (Schlickeiser, 2008; Fiege & Böse, 2021). Von Bredow family pledges half of arable lands; pollen shows decline in cereal and increase in birch/hazel on fallow land (Dürks, 1937; Brande, 1992; Fiege & Böse, 2021). Stolpsee diagram shows a decline in agricultural indicators and forest recovery around 1650 AD (Jahns et al., 2018). Detailed mapping of Heiligensee fieldmark; 'Königliche Heide' arable lands no longer active (Spaldeholtz, 1739; Sparre, 1782; Fiege & Böse, 2021). Detection of ridge-and-furrow systems in Tegel Forest using digital elevation models (Essers, 2018; Fiege & Böse, 2021).
Brandenburg
Pollen Analysis 		 Overriding by inland ice and deposition of till (Brande, 2000). Landscape development associated with W1B and W1F advances (Hardt et al., 2014). Meiendorf Interstadial: spread of shrub birch, willow, juniper, and sea buckthorn. Light vegetation with Helianthemum and Artemisia (Jahns et al., 2018). Alternating warm and cold periods (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Massive spread of pine (Pinus), increasing forest shade, reduction of juniper (Jahns et al., 2018). Influx of volcanic ash (Laacher Tuff) (Brande, 2000). Last cold phase; re-expansion of juniper, Artemisia, and Empetrum indicating forest thinning (Jahns et al., 2018). Tundra-like vegetation and reindeer herds (Jahns, 2010). High pine frequencies (Strahl, 2013, cited in Bussemer et al., 2013). Temperature increase, expansion of pine-birch forests (Jahns et al., 2018). Strong rise in temperature; afforestation with light birch and pine (Jahns, 2010). Establishment of open pine-birch forests; immigration of hazel and elm (Strahl, 2013). First forests consist of Birch and Pine 2. Explosive spread of hazel (Corylus) due to light-rich forest conditions; oak, lime, and elm begin to spread (Jahns et al., 2018). Mass expansion of hazel across Brandenburg (Jahns, 2010). Postglacial climatic optimum; mixed woodland; rise in groundwater table favored alder spread (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Development of oak-mixed forests (Jahns, 2010). Landscape covered by dense mixed oak forest; lowland alder forests 2. Mesolithic shift to standing game due to forestation (Siedlungsgeschichte der alten Dorfgemeinden von Pankow, n.d.). Beginning of sedentary life. Early agriculture (LBK) small-scale; little impact on regional forest pollen (Jahns et al., 2018). Farmers and pastoralists increasingly influence forest composition (Jahns, 2010). First agrarian cultures; human impact via wood extraction and agriculture 2. Massive decline of elm. Spread of beech, possibly aided by human-created openings (Jahns et al., 2018). End of Atlantic and start of Subboreal (VIII) (Jahns, 2010). Oak-mixed forests impoverished in elm but rich in oak and lime (Strahl, 2013). Climatic cooling; favored spread of common beech and hornbeam in the Subboreal (VIII) (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Expansion of beech reaches high levels; introduction of cattle-drawn plow 2. Increase in settlement indicators (Cerealia, Plantago lanceolata) and open land. Heavy use of oak (Jahns et al., 2018). Further cooling; decline of hazel and lime (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Introduction of the iron sickle; pine composition in Brandenburg Valley 2. Climate optimum. Quercus dominates (35%), Carpinus high (14-29%). Secale cultivation established. Wet conditions (Jahns et al., 2018; Wolf & Jahns, 2024). Forest regeneration; hornbeam expansion (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Climate cooling; Secale disappears. Fagus increase (Jahns et al., 2018; Wolf & Jahns, 2024). Mixed oak-alder-beech-hornbeam time 2. Maximum spread of common beech and hornbeam (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Slavic arrival; crop rotation (millet/rye). Localized deforestation around castles (Jahns et al., 2018). Forest clearing restricted to vicinity of settlements (Jahns, 2010). Widespread forest clearances (Younger Subatlantic X) (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Severe reduction of forests due to Cistercian expansion. Dominance of rye, appearance of buckwheat (Jahns et al., 2018). Transformation of forests into open cultural landscape (Jahns, 2010). Land clearance and settlement during the German 'Landnahme' (Brande, 2000). Cannabis cultivation begins (Brande, 2012). Quercus promoted for swine mast (Wiethold, 2004; Wolf & Jahns, 2024). Forest degradation leading to open landscape (Fischer et al., 2004; Wolf & Jahns, 2024). Population collapse and cessation of agriculture reflected by decrease in settlement indicators (Jahns et al., 2018). Initiation of systematic forestry with extensive planting of pine (Jahns, Christiansen, Kirleis, & Sudhaus, 2013). Large-scale pine plantations (Jahns, 2010). Evaluation of average harvest yields (straw and grain) (Grandke, 1894).
Kleingarten
Development
in Germany		 Establishment of parcellated gardens (Carlsgärten) in Kappeln by Landgrave Karl (1797/98) (Wikipedia, n.d.). Poor-relief gardens (Armengärten) exist in 19 cities (1826) (Wikipedia, n.d.). Emergence of Red Cross, labor, and railway gardens, particularly in Berlin (Wikipedia, n.d.). First 'Schreberplatz' in Leipzig (1865) (Wikipedia, n.d.). Allotment garden culture promoted politically during difficult years (Panke.guide, n.d.). Formation of 'Verband deutscher Arbeitergärten' (1906) (Bezirksamt Pankow 2024). Jansen Plan utilized natural areas along Panke as allotment colonies (Wikipedia, 2026). Broad debate on company-internal truck fleets (Vahrenkamp, 2017). Expansion of allotments to improve food supply; unauthorized extensions for housing tolerated (Wikipedia, n.d.). Foundation of the VKSK (Verband der Kleingärtner, Siedler und Kleintierzüchter) (1959) (Bezirksamt Pankow 2024). Production of the W50 5t truck in the DDR (1965) (Vahrenkamp, 2017). Erich Honecker praises VKSK food production at the 4th Congress (1977) (Bezirksamt Pankow 2024). Implementation of the Federal Allotment Act (BKleingG) (Wikipedia, n.d.). VKSK dissolves and joins the Federal Association (Bezirksamt Pankow 2024). Berlin Allotment Development Plan adopted (2014) (Bezirksamt Pankow 2024). Quota of gardeners with migration background recorded at 7.5% (2004) (Wikipedia, n.d.). Berlin has 66,000 allotments (2024) (Wikipedia, n.d.).